How Small Is It - 05 - The Higgs Boson (1080p)

    

How Small Is It - 05 - The Higgs Boson (1080p)

Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 12 Δεκ 2014

Text at http://howfarawayisit.com/documents/

In our final segment, we cover the Higgs Boson starting with force fields and their particles.

First
we cover Quantum Electrodynamics - QED. We note that a disturbance in
the field can create a particle – the photon. We show how the virtual
photon mediates the electromagnetic force with virtual photons that are
actually not particles. We also introduce coupling constants and Feynman
Diagrams. We then extend this ‘force particle from a force field’
concept to include a matter particle from a matter field. In
electromagnetic quantum field theory, this is the electron.

Next
we cover Quantum Chromodynamics – QCD. We show how the electromagnetic
force is used as the model for the strong nuclear force that holds
quarks together in protons and neutrons and holds protons and neutrons
together in the atomic nucleus. We introduce color charge, gluons,
virtual gluons, quark containment, and pion exchange between nucleons
(the residual strong force). We also highlight the origin of mass for
the proton. We then fill out the Standard Model of particle physics with
the weak nuclear force and its force particles - the W and Z bosons.
Using Beta Decay, we show how this force can change the actual particle
in an interaction, not just accelerate it.

Next we discuss spin
oscillation as the origin of mass for elementary particles that lead to
the Higgs Field and the Higgs Mechanism, and, as with all other fields, a
disturbance in the Higgs Filed should create a particle – the Higgs
boson.

We’ll conclude with a brief look at what the standard
model doesn’t cover (like gravity) and some of the theories in
development that may very well take physics to the next level. We end
with a description of Planck’s Length and its implications for the next
generation of physicists.

STEM

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Personal cancer vaccine research 'exciting' say experts

By James Gallagher Health editor, BBC News websitE

• 3 April 2015
   

Researchers prepare the vaccine for patients

Tailor-made cancer vaccines that target unique genetic errors in a patient's tumour have been developed in the US.

Safety tests on three people, published in the journal Science, showed the immune system could be trained to fight skin cancers.
The American team say the early results mark a "significant step" towards personalised cancer vaccines.
The charity Cancer Research UK called the tests an "exciting but very early-stage trial".
UV light can transform healthy skin cells into deadly melanomas by damaging the DNA.
The tumours are a genetic mess, containing hundreds of random mutations that are different in every patient.

Neoantigens

The mutations can change the proteins that stick out from the surface of cells and act like identifying flags.
The team, mainly based in St Louis and Oklahoma City, analysed the genetic mutations to predict the new and unique flags that would be flown by the cancer cells.

Antibiotic resistance: 80,000 'might die' in future outbreak

• 6 April 2015

The rise of antimicrobial resistance could make currently routine medical procedures "high-risk"

About 80,000 people could die if there were a "widespread outbreak" of an antibiotic-resistant blood infection, according to a government document.

The National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies says such an outbreak could be expected to hit 200,000 people - and two in five of them "might die".
The document also says "high numbers of deaths could also be expected" from other forms of resistant infection.
It warns infection risk could make "much of modern medicine" unsafe.
The Cabinet Office document says the number of infections "complicated" by antimicrobial resistance is expected to "increase markedly over the next 20 years".
"Without effective antibiotics, even minor surgery and routine operations could become high-risk procedures, leading to increased duration of illness and ultimately premature mortality," it says.
It says procedures such as organ transplantation, bowel surgery and some cancer treatments would become unsafe.

HIV: new approach against virus 'holds promise'

By Smitha Mundasad Health reporter

• 8 April 2015
• From the section

The first human trial of a new type of HIV therapy suggests it could be a promising weapon in the fight against the virus.

Reports in the journal Nature show infusions of so-called broadly neutralising antibodies could suppress the amount of HIV in a patient's blood.
The approach uses clones of immune proteins taken from a rare individual who has natural control of the disease.
Scientists hope with further work this could bolster current treatments.

This exciting novel study shows for the first time that antibodies may have a place in the line of therapies directed against HIV

Prof Vincent Piguet, Cardiff University

Small Bodies of the Solar System - Professor Carolin Crawford

   

Small Bodies of the Solar System - Professor Carolin Crawford

Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 16 Μαρ 2015

Professor Crawford discusses the history and future of our understanding of small solar bodies: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...


2015
is a momentous year for the study of dwarf planets – the Dawn mission
arrives at Ceres in the asteroid belt in February, and the New Horizons
spaceprobe will commence its flypast of Pluto and its moons in July. We
shall discuss the smaller bodies of the Solar System – from dwarf
planets to asteroids.

The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...

Gresham
College has been giving free public lectures since 1597. This tradition
continues today with all of our five or so public lectures a week being
made available for free download from our website. There are currently
over 1,700 lectures free to access or download from the website.
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/greshamcollege

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Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science. Lawrence Krauss Talk at ...

   



Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science. Lawrence Krauss Talk at ...

Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 10 Φεβ 2013

Professor Lawrence Krauss presents "Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science" at a talk at CERN, Geneva.
Lawrence
Krauss is Foundation Professor in the School of Earth and Space
Exploration and Director of the ASU Origins Project at Arizona State
University. He is the only physicist to have received the highest awards
from all 3 major US professional physics societies.

Professor Krauss has over 300 academic publications, mainly in the field of Cosmology.
His
popular science publications include The Physics of Star Trek,
Quintessence, and Atom, Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science
and, more recently, the widely acclaimed A Universe from Nothing: Why
There Is Something Rather than Nothing, a book which is, in my opinion,
the "A Brief History of Time" of this generation of science literature.

One
of the 3 winners of the 1965 Nobel prize in Physics for his work,
Richard Feynman was an expert on quantum mechanics and developed the
Path Integral formulation of Relativistic Quantum mechanics, used in
Quantum Field Theory, he also interpreted the Born series of scattering
amplitudes as vertices and Green's functions as propagators and
incorporated these in his famous diagrams, the Feynman Diagrams
.
Feynman's
genius was quickly seen when he worked on the Manhattan Project, where
his pipelining technique of performing physics calculations could be
considered the first instance of parallel processing using human
"computers". Feynman developed nuclear weapon yield equations with
another giant of quantum physics, Hans Bethe. The Bethe-Feynman Equation
was a key component in deriving the more advanced nuclear weapon yield
equations which are still considered restricted data by the United
States Military.

Feynman also worked on the fundamental quantised
excitations in Liquid Helium leading to a correct model describing
superfluidity using phonons, maxons and rotons to describe the various
excitation curves.
Other fields of work include the Feynman-Hellmann
Theorem, which can relate the derivative of the total energy of any
system to the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian
under a single parameter, e.g volume.

He also worked on the
Rogers Commission report during the investigation of the 1986 Space
Shuttle Challenger disaster, where Feynman famously demonstrated how the
Booster Rocket O-rings, which are elastic sealing joints, became less
resilient and subject to seal failures at ice-cold temperatures by
immersing a sample of the material in a glass of ice water- his high
intelligence and independent way of looking at the world often made him
"a real pain" in the eyes of other, less skilled, Commission members.
Feynman's
own investigation reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and
executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews
of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of
elementary concepts, such as safety procedures.
Although Feynman got
plenty of media coverage due to him being on the Commission, he was
often told to stay quiet about NASA's more sinister secrets and tactics
in space exploration.

Feynman himself was an interesting man of
science, as we shall soon see in this excellent talk,which has also been
given to the Science Network, which is available on The Science
Foundation's Channel.

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The Evolution of Time (Director's Cut)

   



The Evolution of Time (Director's Cut)

Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 3 Φεβ 2014

The Evolution of Time and the Carnot Cycle at the Edge of the Universe

By Gavin Wince


We
are all time travelers... drifting through time at a steady pace, one
moment at a time. In what direction are we moving through time? Or does
time move through us? How many dimensions of time are there? Though
slightly allegorical, three-dimensional time offers physics new
parameters, accounting for conventional and exotic physical phenomena,
while maintaining the conservation of energy and symmetry groups found
in physical law.

I began playing with the idea that all of
physics could be reduced to just interactions between spatial and
temporal coordinates. I wondered if inertia and momentum might be
composed strictly of temporal components. This would require extra time
dimensions. Could inertia or momentum be used as indicators of
multi-dimensional time? What about charge, spin, and other properties of
matter? Answers to some of these questions appeared to reside in
neutrino research, specifically neutrino flavor oscillation.

The
universality between Thermodynamics and Temporal Mechanics can reduce
the fundamental forces of nature into a single expression, a new
equivalence principle, which can be used as the generator for the
evolution of time.

Once Quantum Mechanics is seen through the
lens of three-dimensional time, the EPR paradox looses its mystique. The
speed of light may be restricted to a set speed limit within each
individual frame of reference, however, frames of reference can undergo
periods-of-time at varying rates of the passage-of-time.

If the
positive side of absolute zero is a state of condensed matter, what is
on the negative side of absolute zero? Uncondensed matter?

The
anti-matter aspect of the Dirac equations may have been misinterpreted.
The convention is to assume that "matter" is composed of "particles"
distinctly different from "antimatter" composed of "antiparticles". The
assumption of one time dimension locks in this interpretation of the
Dirac Equations. However, the uniform production of particles and
antiparticles both in the laboratory and naturally, leads to the
question: where is all of the antimatter that theoretically should have
been produced with all the visible matter we see as our universe? Yet,
if we apply our three-dimensional time loop to the Dirac Equation there
is an alternative interpretation for this so-called "missing
antimatter".

The Higgs particle data from both ATLAS and CMS
appear to exhibit unintentional effects of quantum entanglement.
Comparing the neutral Kaon mixing CP-violation and the neutral B-meson
oscillation T-violation with the Higgs particle decay modes appear to
demonstrate a new kind of symmetry breaking: M-Violation (mass).

With
out a begin or an end, from the smallest to the largest, the universe
emerges through upwelling from the infinitesimal depths of quantum
fluctuations and cataclysmic eruptions amalgamating through a variety of
entropic cycles of temporal loops.

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