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BLOGGER BLOG: ΟΙ ΕΙΔΗΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ
BLOG ΝΕΩΝ ΘΕΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ
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Πέμπτη 14 Νοεμβρίου 2024
Δευτέρα 11 Νοεμβρίου 2024
Orbital angular momentum monopoles appear in a chiral crystal
Orbital angular momentum monopoles appear in a chiral crystal
23 Oct 2024 Isabelle Dumé
Monopoles of orbital angular momentum (OAM) are a tantalizing prospect for orbitronics because OAM is uniform in all directions. This would mean that information flows could be generated in any direction. Visualizing the orbital texture is almost like capturing an image of the OAM monopoles. (Courtesy: Paul Scherrer Institute / Monika Bletry)
Magnets generally have two poles, north and south, so observing something that behaves like it has only one is extremely unusual. Physicists in Germany and Switzerland have become the latest to claim this rare accolade by making the first direct detection of structures known as orbital angular momentum monopoles. The monopoles, which the team identified in materials known as chiral crystals, had previously only been predicted in theory. The discovery could aid the development of more energy-efficient memory devices.
Traditional electronic devices use the charge of electrons to transfer energy and information. This transfer process is energy-intensive, however, so scientists are looking for alternatives. One possibility is spintronics, which uses the electron’s spin rather than its charge, but more recently another alternative has emerged that could be even more promising. Known as orbitronics, it exploits the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of electrons as they revolve around an atomic nucleus. By manipulating this OAM, it is in principle possible to generate large magnetizations with very small electric currents – a property that could be used to make energy-efficient memory devices.
Negative triangularity tokamaks: a power plant plasma solution from the core to the edge?
Negative triangularity tokamaks: a power plant plasma solution from the core to the edge?
22 Oct 2024 Sponsored by Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Available to watch now, IOP Publishing’s journal, Plasma Science and Technologies explores the knowns and unknowns of negative triangularity and evaluate its future as a power plant solution
The webinar is directly linked with a special issue of Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion on Advances in the Physics Basis of Negative Triangularity Tokamaks; featuring contributions from all of the speakers, and many more papers from the leading groups researching this fascinating topic.
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In recent years the fusion community has begun to focus on the practical engineering of tokamak power plants. From this, it became clear that the power exhaust problem, extracting the energy produced by fusion without melting the plasma-facing components, is just as important and challenging as plasma confinement. To these ends, negative triangularity plasma shaping holds unique promise.
Conceptually, negative triangularity is simple. Take the standard positive triangularity plasma shape, ubiquitous among tokamaks, and flip it so that the triangle points inwards. By virtue of this change in shape, negative triangularity plasmas have been experimentally observed to dramatically improve energy confinement, sometimes by more than a factor of two. Simultaneously, the plasma shape is also found to robustly prevent the transition to the improved confinement regime H-mode. While this may initially seem a drawback, the confinement improvement can enable negative triangularity to still achieve similar confinement to a positive triangularity H-mode. In this way, it robustly avoids the typical difficulties of H-mode: damaging edge localized modes (ELMs) and the narrow scrape-off layer (SOL) width. This is the promise of negative triangularity, an elegant and simple path to alleviating power exhaust while preserving plasma confinement.
Multi-qubit entangled states boost atomic clock and sensor performance
Multi-qubit entangled states boost atomic clock and sensor performance
22 Oct 2024
Coloradans Left to right are Adam Kaufman, Nelson Darkwah Oppong, Alec Cao and Theo Lukin Yelin. They are inspecting an atomic optical clock at JILA. (Courtesy: Patrick Campbell/CU Boulder)
Frequency measurements using multi-qubit entangled states have been performed by two independent groups in the US. These entangled states have correlated errors, resulting in measurement precisions better than the standard quantum limit. One team is based in Colorado and it measured the frequency of an atomic clock with greater precision than possible using conventional methods. The other group is in California and it showed how entangled states could be used in quantum sensing.
Atomic clocks are the most accurate timekeeping devices we have. They work by locking an ultraprecise, frequency comb laser to a narrow linewidth transition in an atom. The higher the transition’s frequency, the faster the clock ticks and the more precisely it can keep time. The clock with the best precision today is operated by Jun Ye’s group at JILA in Boulder, Colorado and colleagues. After running for the age of the universe, this clock would only be wrong by 0.01 s.
Living bioelectronics capture physiological signals and deliver targeted therapy
Living bioelectronics capture physiological signals and deliver targeted therapy
11 Jun 2024 Tami Freeman
The ABLE platform First author Jiuyun Shi holds a living bioelectronics device that integrates flexible electronic sensors, hydrogel and living cells to monitor and heal skin conditions. (Courtesy: Jiuyun Shi and Bozhi Tian/University of Chicago)
Electronic devices that seamlessly interface with living tissues hold potential to revolutionize disease diagnosis and treatment. But integrating electronics with the human body is a tricky task, due to mechanical incompatibilities between rigid metallic materials and soft biological tissues.
To address this challenge, Bozhi Tian and colleagues at the University of Chicago have created “living bioelectronics” designed to capture physiological signals and deliver targeted treatments. The team’s ABLE (active biointegrated living electronics) platform combines thin, flexible sensor circuitry with an ultrasoft, tissue-mimicking hydrogel made from tapioca starch and gelatin. The final ingredient is the addition of living cells into the gel, in this case Staphylococcus epidermidis, a bacterium that naturally lives on human skin and secretes compounds that regulate inflammation.
Four-wave mixing could boost optical communications in space
Four-wave mixing could boost optical communications in space
09 Nov 2024
Four-wave mixing A weak optical signal (red) from a spacecraft transmitter can be amplified noise-free when it encounters two pump waves (blue and green) in a receiver on Earth. (Courtesy: Chalmers University of Technology/Rasmus Larsson)
A new and practical approach to the low-noise amplification of weakened optical signals has been unveiled by researchers in Sweden. Drawing from the principles of four-wave mixing, Rasmus Larsson and colleagues at Chalmers University of Technology believe their approach could have promising implications for laser-based communication systems in space.
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