Oscillating temperature gradient boosts heat flow in fluids

26 Apr 2022

Driving force An experiment has confirmed that an oscillating temperature gradient boosts heat flow in fluids. (Courtesy: iStock/Mervana)

Physicists in the Czech Republic have shown that heat flows more efficiently through a fluid when the fluid’s temperature gradient oscillates over time. The discovery by Ladislav Skrbek at Charles University and colleagues could help climate scientists to better understand the flow of heat through Earth’s atmosphere, and may also lead to better designs of heat exchangers.

 

New stunning images show the James Webb Space Telescope’s fully aligned optics

 

New stunning images show the James Webb Space Telescope’s fully aligned optics

29 Apr 2022 Michael Banks

First aligned light: the science instruments aboard the James Webb Space Telescope are now capable of creating crisp images (courtesy: NASA/STScI)

NASA and its partners have announced that the optics alignment on the $10bn James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is now complete – marking another significant step towards a fully functioning infrared observatory.

 

A window to the brain: ultrasound can open the BBB though a polymer plate

29 Apr 2022

BBB opening through a polymer plate: FITC-albumin fluorescence is seen in the left hemisphere of the guinea pig brain, which received ultrasound stimulation during microbubble infusion, indicating enhanced BBB permeability (scale bar: 100 µm). (Courtesy: CC BY 4.0/Sci. Rep. 10.1038/s41598-022-06791-7)

Ultrasound-mediated opening of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) for drug delivery can be successfully performed through a biocompatible plastic plate, a study on guinea pigs has demonstrated. The finding suggests that the cranial prosthesis could be used as a literal “window to the brain” for such therapeutic ultrasound techniques.

 

Mirror nuclei shed light on mysterious EMC effect

23 Apr 2022

Electron source: MARATHON runs off the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. (Courtsy: Jefferson Lab)

The internal structures of nuclei containing mirrored numbers of protons and neutrons have been studied to a high degree of precision. The research has revealed that neutrons are more prone than protons to modifying their internal structure when bound up in nuclei, and it could help resolve an important mystery of nuclear physics.

 

How to build tiny robots from stretchy sheets

04 Nov 2021 Katherine Skipper

Third dimension: example of an origami mechanical metamaterial. (Courtesy: Itai Cohen/Cornell University)

New research shows that microscale robots can be made from shape shifting 2D sheets. Itai Cohen and Itay Griniasty of Cornell University in the US have developed a mathematical technique for encoding the motion cycle of a tiny robot onto the surface of a flat material. Working alongside Cyrus Mostajeran of the UK’s University of Cambridge, they believe that their work will make it possible to design microscale swimming robots from materials such as liquid crystal elastomers and hydrogels.

 

Solar energy output of India is reduced significantly by air pollution

15 Mar 2022 Hamish Johnston

Dirty air: Particulate pollution in India is reducing the country’s solar energy capacity. (Courtesy: Shutterstock/Vadim-Petrakov)

Air pollution in India is reducing the energy output of some solar panels by as much as 52%. That is the conclusion of researchers who have modelled the effects of particulate pollution on solar irradiance from 2001–2018. Sagnik Dey, Dilip Ganguly and colleagues at the Centre for Atmospheric Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology–Delhi calculate that the successful implementation of India’s National Clean Air Programme would allow the country to generate an extra 6–16 TWh of solar electricity every year.

 

Brain implant allows person with complete paralysis to communicate

09 Apr 2022

Generating language: Neural data recorded by an implanted brain–computer interface are decoded and analysed in real time to control spelling software. (Courtesy: The Wyss Center, Geneva)

Scientists have successfully used an implanted brain–computer interface (BCI) to enable a person with complete paralysis to communicate – suggesting that verbal communication with such devices may one day be possible for patients in a completely locked-in state.

 

Going global: the world the Web has wrought

12 Jan 2022

Taken from the January 2022 issue of Physics World. Members of the Institute of Physics can enjoy the full issue via the Physics World app.

Thirty years after the World Wide Web first expanded from Europe to North America, Michael Riordan reveals how physicists and programmers played important roles in shaping the current wave of globalization

(Courtesy: iStock/DKosig)

In December 1991 Paul Kunz, a physicist and computer programmer at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in Menlo Park, California, set up the very first Web server in North America. I learned of it about a month later, upon returning to SLAC from a year in Washington, DC. “Have you seen the latest?” an enthusiastic colleague asked. “It’s called the World Wide Web!”

 

Holographic plasma lenses could focus ultrahigh-intensity lasers

07 Mar 2022

On target: Researchers in the US have proposed a new type of lens for very powerful lasers. (Courtesy: iStock/arttanja)

Two new methods for generating holographic plasma lenses capable of focusing ultrahigh-intensity lasers have been proposed by researchers in the US. Using computer simulations, a team led by Matthew Edwards at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) worked out how the robust structures could be created by imprinting carefully generated interference patterns onto a plasma medium.

 

Fusion energy record smashed by Joint European Torus facility

09 Feb 2022 Michael Banks

Hotter than the Sun: researchers on the Joint European Torus nuclear-fusion experiment have used a deuterium–tritium fuel mix for the first time since 1997. (Courtesy: UKAEA)

The Joint European Torus (JET) nuclear-fusion experiment based in Oxfordshire, UK, has more than doubled the amount of fusion energy produced in a single “shot” – smashing a previous record that JET has held since 1997. Officials today announced that during an experiment in late 2021, JET achieved 59 megajoules (MJ) of fusion energy, beating the previous record of 22 MJ.

 

JET’s record result and the quest for fusion energy

04 Apr 2022 James Dacey

One of longest-running physics jokes is that, despite numerous promising breakthroughs, practical nuclear fusion will forever be 30 years away. Earlier this year, there was an exciting result in the UK that suggests that – sooner or later – fusion scientists will have the last laugh. The Joint European Torus (JET) nuclear-fusion experiment based in Oxfordshire, UK, more than doubled the amount of sustained fusion energy produced in a single “shot” – smashing a previous record that JET has held since 1997.

 

Stellarator plasma oscillations resemble struggle between predator and prey

22 Mar 2022

Predator and prey: The upper graph shows the predator-prey relationship between the magnetic island and the bootstrap current. The bottom diagrams show the situation in the Large Helical Device when the current is at its maximum (left) and minimum values. (Courtesy: National Institute for Fusion Science)

If fusion reactors are ever to provide energy commercially, they will have to operate non-stop for extended periods of time – something they are not currently able to do. Researchers in Japan report having taken a step in that direction after discovering a new kind of oscillation triggered by magnetic fields used to confine a reactor’s ultra-hot plasma. By comparing that oscillation with the fluctuating populations of predators and prey sometimes seen in nature, they reckon it should be possible to remove the variation and stably isolate the plasma.

 

Start-up simulates quantum photonics devices, a physicist’s experience of the mental-health system

24 Feb 2022 Hamish Johnston

In this episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast, we speak to Mirella Koleva and Gaby Slavcheva, who are the co-founders of the UK-based company Quantopticon. The firm develops software for simulating quantum photonics devices and Koleva and Slavcheva explain why there is a need to understand the fundamental physics behind the devices that underpin the latest quantum technologies. They also talk about the importance of start-up accelerators for companies like Quantopticon.

 

Deep learning improves multimodality imaging for breast cancer detection

20 Apr 2022

Z-Net results: Reconstructed oxy-haemoglobin (HbO), deoxy-haemoglobin (Hb) and water images for a breast cancer patient with a malignant lesion (top row) and a subject with a benign lesion (bottom row). The reconstructed images are overlaid on the MR images. (Courtesy: Keith Paulsen, Dartmouth College)

An international research team has configured the deep-learning-based Z-net algorithm to generate MRI-guided near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) images directly from measured optical signals and MRI data. According to its developers, from Dartmouth College, Beijing University of Technology and the University of Birmingham, the new algorithm shows potential to improve the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.

 

Laser plasma accelerators unlock potential for radiobiology studies with protons

07 Apr 2022

Translational research: Researchers have performed the first controlled irradiation of tumours in mice using laser-accelerated protons. (Courtesy: HZDR/Juniks)

Laser plasma accelerators (LPAs) propel particles to high energies over short distances using intense, ultrashort pulses of laser light. These accelerators can supply high-quality particle beams for radiobiological studies that will help scientists better understand how radiation leads to DNA damage, and ultimately, help optimize particle-based cancer treatments.

 

Kirigami-inspired electrocardiogram sensors can be worn all day

08 Apr 2022

Wireless, wearable, and flexible: the electrocardiogram monitor and a mobile phone running the app that receives heartbeat data. (Courtesy: Kuniharu Takei)

The Japanese art form of kirigami has inspired a new heart sensor that can monitor electrical signals from the surface of the skin while being worn for long periods of time. Borrowing from the principles of kirigami, Kuniharu Takei and colleagues at Osaka Prefecture University cut a pattern of holes in an electrode-coated PET film, which allowed the material to conform to the skin’s surface more easily.

Transient superconducting states could have practical applications, say physicists

22 Apr 2022 Isabelle Dumé

A potential new path toward room-temperature superconductivity. (Courtesy: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)

The physics of high-temperature superconductors in unstable, transient states is surprisingly similar to that of the same materials at equilibrium, raising hopes that these out-of-equilibrium states could be stabilized and used in practical applications. The finding, which researchers at the US Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory obtained by using a flash of light to kick-start superconductivity in materials known as cuprates, could help us better understand high-temperature superconductors and how to trigger the formation of these transient states.

 

Electron rain is driven to Earth by whistler waves, carbon nanotubes encapsulate explosive nitrogen

21 Apr 2022 Hamish Johnston

In this episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast, the space physicist Xiaojia Zhang explains how whistler waves in Earth’s radiation belts are accelerating high-energy electrons towards the North and South poles. As well as causing spectacular aurorae, these energetic particles can also disrupt modern technologies such as GPS, the UCLA-based researcher says.

 

US planetary scientists call for mission to investigate solar system’s ice giants

19 Apr 2022

Ice world A mission to search for life on Saturn’s moon Enceladus has been deemed high priority by the US planetary science community (Courtesy: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)

NASA should send a probe to Uranus within the coming decade as well as develop a craft to see if Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus harbours life in its interior ocean. Those are just some of the conclusions contained in the latest decadal survey of planetary sciences and astrobiology. The 780-page report, released today, prioritizes the scientific themes and concepts for US planetary science for the coming decade.

 

Simulations shed light on interactions that help spiders fly

15 Mar 2022

Floating on a thread: Some spiders can fly by exploiting the electrostatic interaction between the Earth’s electric field and the charge on their silk threads. (Courtesy: iStock/KuntalSaha)

Simulations using a computer graphics algorithm have given fresh insight into the interactions between the silk threads of a spider and the atmosphere. This novel numerical model, focusing on multiple silk threads, helps explain how spiders can exploit the positive electric potential of Earth’s atmosphere to fly and disperse.

 

Bacterial swimming in complex fluids better understood with new experiment, model

21 Apr 2022

Microswimmers: Studying how bacteria swim in complex fluids provides insight into how the micro-organisms move through different environments, such as inside the human body. (Courtesy: Cheng Research Group, University of Minnesota)

Under a microscope, bacteria appear to wriggle and wobble to get to where they need to go. These bizarre motions are nevertheless effective: every second, a bacterium can swim tens of times the length of its body, the equivalent of a human swimming faster than 20 metres per second. Incredibly, in fluids such as those lining the lungs and stomach, bacteria can swim even faster. In fact, the “messier” the fluid, the straighter and faster bacteria travel. After decades of research, the physics of this phenomenon is still under debate.

 

W boson mass measurement surprises physicists

08 Apr 2022

Living on: data taken by the now defunct CDF experiment has revealed a surprising mass for the W boson. (Courtesy: Fermilab)

The most precise measurement to date of the mass of the W boson has yielded a result seven standard deviations away from that predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics. The stunning result was obtained by a painstaking analysis of data taken at the Fermilab Tevatron collider in the US before it closed in 2011.

 

Pumpkin-shaped nucleus breaks proton emission records

04 Apr 2022 Hamish Johnston

Record breaking Artist’s impression of the decay of a lutetium-149 nucleus into a ytterbium-148 nucleus and a proton. (Courtesy: University of Jyväskylä)

Physicists in Finland have created a pumpkin-shaped nucleus that has the shortest directly measured half-life of any ground-state proton emitter. The lutetium-149 nucleus is also the most oblate deformed proton emitter observed to date. The measurement improves physicists’ understanding of the rare decay mode of proton emission and could lead to better models that predict the properties of nuclei.

 

Mysterious X particle spotted in quark–gluon plasma at CERN

02 Feb 2022

X marks the spot: the CMS experiment at CERN undergoing an upgrade. (Courtesy: Maximilien Brice/CERN)

A mysterious “X” particle comprising four quarks and first seen in 2003, has been found in the quark–gluon plasma produced in heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The observation was made by physicists working on CERN’s Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment and if confirmed, it could help researchers understand the structure of the exotic particle.

 

Computational model maps patterns of neurodegeneration across the brain

12 Apr 2022 Simon Lichtinger

Analysing the brain: Graphic representations of the first 10 inter-patient patterns of variation in brain glucose uptake, called “eigenbrains”. The median and interquartile range (IQR) intensities are also shown. (Courtesy: CC BY 4.0/Nat. Commun. 10.1038/s41467-022-29047-4)

Memory loss, difficulty finding words, trouble with navigating even in familiar neighbourhoods. These are just a few of the dementia symptoms experienced by an estimated 50 million people worldwide. Of those patients, whose number is projected to triple by 2050, two thirds suffer from Alzheimer’s disease.

 

Cherenkov light could enable dosimetry of molecular radiation therapy

13 Apr 2022 Tami Freeman

Developing a dosimetry technique: Spectrally-integrated Cherenkov light intensity at the patient surface for a molecular radiation treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma, with radioisotope uptake distributed in the tumour. (Courtesy: CC BY 4.0/Biomed. Opt. Express 10.1364/BOE.448139)

Molecular radiation therapy (MRT) is a treatment in which radioisotopes given orally or intravenously are used to deliver radiation to diseased tissue. As with all radiotherapy techniques, successful treatment relies on accurate control of the dose to the target. But in contrast to external-beam irradiation, with MRT it is not possible to accurately plan the delivered dose, due to the lack of control over the uptake, retention and distribution of the radioisotope within tissue.

 

Silicon spin qubits manufactured on an industrial scale

12 Apr 2022

Bit by qubit: A section of a 300 mm silicon wafer containing 82 unit cells (die) and more than 10,000 quantum dot arrays of various lengths. (Courtesy: Tim Herman/Intel)

Researchers in the Netherlands and the US have shown for the first time that qubits – the building blocks of quantum computers – can be mass-produced using standard processes developed for manufacturing conventional integrated circuits. The breakthrough paves the way for developing powerful quantum machines that require thousands or even millions of identical qubits for full-scale operation.

 

AI and infrared spectroscopy identify the age and species of mosquitoes

14 Apr 2022

Identifying ageing insects: A rapid method for determining the age of mosquitoes could help scientists assess the effectiveness of interventions such as insecticides and bed nets on malaria risk. (Courtesy: iStock/Kwangmoozaa)

Researchers in the UK and Africa have developed a quick and cost-effective way to determine the age of malaria mosquitoes using mid-infrared spectroscopy. This is important for assessing the effectiveness of control interventions as only older mosquitoes can transmit the parasite. The scientists say that their approach could also help with other mosquito- and insect-borne diseases.

 

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Some cosmic neutrinos may not be cosmic after all

11 Apr 2022

Window on the cosmos: the IceCube Neutrino Observatory is located at the South Pole. (Courtesy: IceCube/NSF)

Some high-energy neutrinos detected in the Antarctic ice and thought to have come from outside the solar system may have been produced in Earth’s atmosphere. That is the conclusion of physicists in Poland and Brazil, who have analysed how neutrino detections made by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory may have been shaped by the presence of heavy charm quarks within protons and neutrons. Their result implies that this “intrinsic charm” plays a key role in the generation of high-energy neutrinos when high energy cosmic rays interact with nuclei in the atmosphere.

 

Graphene could boost the performance of atom chips

13 Jan 2022

Flatpack solution: schematic of a Z-shaped graphene electrode sandwiched between two thin layers of boron nitride (green slabs). The ultracold atoms are represented by the red cloud. (Courtesy: K. Wongcharoenbhorn et al/Physical Review Letters)

The performance of atom chips could be greatly enhanced by replacing 3D metal wires with 2D conducting sheets of graphene, calculations by researchers in the UK, Germany, and Austria have revealed. Led by Mark Fromhold at the University of Nottingham, the team showed how the move to graphene could significantly reduce electronic noise in the conductors while lowering the attraction between atoms and chip surfaces.

 

Carbon nanotubes could stabilize energy-rich nitrogen chains

13 Apr 2022 Heba Megahd

Stored energy: rendition of a system that combines polymeric nitrogen (blue chain) and carbon nanotube (clear spheres). (Courtesy: Heba Megahd)

From TNT to nitro-glycerine, nitrogen-rich compounds are known for packing an explosive punch. When these materials explode, bonds between atoms in the compounds are broken, which gives a chance for two nitrogen atoms to form very strong triple bonds with each other. This releases an enormous amount of chemical energy due to the high strength of the triple bond, which is almost six times stronger than its single-bond counterpart. In fact, the strength of nitrogen-nitrogen triple bonds is one of the reasons that the stable nitrogen gas dominates Earth’s atmosphere.

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Quantum batteries harvest energy from light

09 Apr 2022 Pradeep Niroula

A charged future: Batteries that exploit quantum effects to charge more quickly than conventional batteries could have applications in phone cameras and other small-scale devices. (Courtesy: iStock/Quardia)

Your night-mode photos might get a lot crisper thanks to a new device that exploits quantum mechanics to absorb photons more efficiently. Known as a quantum battery, the device stores the energy of the absorbed photons and can be charged simply by shining light on it — great news not just for low-light iPhone photography, but also for solar panels, which could use similar technology to capture the Sun’s energy a lot faster.

 

Χόρτα φαγώσιμα

 

Τα 10 πιο δηλητηριώδη είδη φυτών στην Ελλάδα (most poisonous plants)

Πολλά είδη που χρησιμοποιούνται ως φαρμακευτικά ή καλλωπιστικά είναι και δηλητηριώδη, μερικά από τα οποία πολύ γνωστά!

 

🌱✔️Ματζουράνα: Το βότανο με τις πολλές θεραπευτικές ιδιότητες!

Η Ματζουράνα είναι πολυετές φυτό που ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Χειλανθών, και είναι συγγενικό φυτό με τη ρίγανη. Ήταν γνωστή από την αρχαιότητα για τις χωνευτικές, ηρεμιστικές και χαλαρωτικές ιδιότητες.

 

🌸✔️Θρούμπι - Ένα Θαυματουργό Βότανο | The Gardener

Το θρούμπι είναι ένα αυτοφυές φυτό που το συνταντάμε σε όλη την Ελλάδα. Ανήκει στην οικογένεια των χειλανθών. Ο κορμός του είναι ξυλώδης, με 2-4 άνθη μωβ ή υπόλευκα και σπόρους μικρούς αυγοειδείς σε χρώμα καστανό ανοιχτό, με ευχάριστη οσμή. Φτάνει σε ύψος τα 30- 50 εκατοστά. Προτιμά τα ηλιόλουστα βραχώδη και ασβεστώδη εδάφη. Χρήσιμα είναι κυρίως τα άνθη του, το αιθέριο έλαιό αλλά, σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις, και ολόκληρο το φυτό. Το αιθέριο έλαιο περιέχει δραστικές ουσίες όπως τερπίνη, πευκίνη, καρβακρόλη, κυμίνη, κινεόλη και θυμόλη

 

✔️🌿Μελισσόχορτο - Ένα Βότανο με Πολλές Ευεργετικές Ιδιότητες | The Gardener

το μελισσοχορτο ή βαλσαμοχορτο είναι θαμνώδες φυτό το οποίο ανήκει στην οικογένεια της μέντας. Τα φύλλα του είναι ωοειδή και οδοντωτά, και έχουν μια ήπια μυρωδιά λεμονιού. Κατά τη διάρκεια του καλοκαιριού εμφανίζονται μικρά λευκά άνθη γεμάτα με νέκταρ τα οποία προτιμούν ιδιαίτερα οι μέλισσες απο τις οποίες πήρε και το όνομα του.

 

🌸✔️Λάδανο | Το Βότανο - Φάρμακο για όλες τις Παθήσεις | The Gardener

ΔΕΙΤΕ ΑΚΟΜΑ- ΒΑΛΣΑΜΟΧΟΡΤΟ - ΤΟ ΒΟΤΑΝΟ ΓΙΑ ΤΙΣ ΠΛΗΓΕΣ ΤΟΥ ΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΟΣ | https://youtu.be/3lCYjWsQAlc ΤΣΟΥΚΝΙΔΑ - ΕΝΑ ΒΟΤΑΝΟ ΜΕ ΕΚΠΛΗΚΤΙΚΑ ΟΦΕΛΗ | https://youtu.be/y_Zey4yB6gs ΑΛΗΘΕΙΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΨΕΜΜΑΤΑ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΚΑΝΝΑΒΗ | https://youtu.be/Zpx2Uhm97SI ΘΡΟΥΜΠΙ- ΕΝΑ ΘΑΥΜΑΤΟΥΡΓΟ ΒΟΤΑΝΟ | https://youtu.be/pkZ6T02L95o

 

Κουφοξυλιά, Σαμπούκος - το φαρμακείο της φύσης

Στο σημερινό βίντεο θα γνωρίσουμε για την Κουφοξυλιά (Sambucus nigra), ένα θάμνο ή μικρό δέντρο με μεγάλη παράδοση στη λαϊκή ιατρική και με αποδεδειγμένες εργαστηριακά ιδιότητες κατά της γρίπης Α και της γρίπης Β. Θα μάθουμε ακόμη για τις λαϊκές παραδόσεις που σχετίζονται με αυτό, καθώς η Κουφοξυλιά (Sambucus nigra), στις παλιές αγροτικές κοινωνίες κατείχε ένα μαγικό-θρησκευτικό καθεστώς ως ένα δέντρο που ανέπνεε ιδιαίτερες δυνάμεις. Τέλος αφού θα μαζέψουμε τα άνθη της θα μάθουμε πως μπορούμε να παρασκευάσουμε ένα κόρντιαλ, ιδανικό για τις ζεστές μέρες του καλοκαιριού.